Fundamental Classes
Let's get acquainted with some of the basic Ruby classes. Try the following in
rails console.Fixnum is Ruby's name for integers. You can prove it by doing7.class
In fact, you can always call
.class on any object, ever, at any time, to ask it what class it is. You can also call .methods to find out what all it can do, but the resulting list is pretty hard to look at so I usually use some other resources instead, which I'll direct you to later.Try:
7.odd? # The question mark is nothing special,
# just another letter in the method name
7.days.ago
rand(10) # Produces a random integer between 0 and 9
7.to_s # Convert yourself to a string; probably so
# you can be added to other strings
Why wouldn't
"7".even? work? Take a guess before you try it, and see if your guess matches up with what the error message says.There are also the usual calculator-like things; try each of the following:
7 * 6
21 + 21
45 - 3
3**2 # Heads up: you might have been expecting the syntax for
# "three raised to the power of 2" to be 3^2
10 / 3
Whoa, what's up with that last one? Well, it turns out that when you divide an integer by an integer in Ruby, it returns an integer (without the remainder). Like in grade school division. (You can also get the remainder with
10 % 3; % is called the "modulus" operator.)If you want the decimal version, then at least one of the two operands needs to be a...
Ruby calls decimal numbers
Floats. Tryn = 3.141592
n.round(2)
10.0 / 3
10 / 3.0
rand # rand without any arguments produces a random
# number between 0 and 1; useful for probabilities
I won't say too much more about
Floats for now, since they are mostly the same as Fixnums. Use them as needed, but I try to default to integers.We've already met the
String class a few times, but here are some handy methods to try:a = "Hello"
b = "World!"
a + b # You can add strings
a + " " + b
a * 3 # Yup.
3 * a # Nope.
a.upcase
a.downcase
a.swapcase
a.reverse
a.length
b.chomp("!")
b.chomp(".") # What is .chomp() doing?
a.gsub("ll", "✌️")
# What is .gsub() doing?
# Experiment with other strings and arguments.
Sometimes you have a string that contains a number, usually input from a user, and want to do math on it:
i = "10"
i / 3 # Uh oh.
You can use
.to_i to convert the string to an integer, or .to_f to convert it to a decimal (a "float"):i = "7"
i.to_i / 3
i.to_f / 3
What would you expect Ruby to do with the following expressions? Return a value? Throw an error?
"7 apples".to_f
"apples".to_f
Give them a try!
Here are some other, more realistic examples:
u = " a messy, input [email protected]$ \n"
# The \n at the end represents a newline
u.chomp # .chomp with no arguments will default to "\n"
u.strip # .strip removes all leading and trailing whitespace
u.gsub(/\s+/, "") # This is an advanced technique that removes all whitespace
u.gsub(/[^a-z0-9\s]/i, "")
# This is an advanced technique that removes
# everything except alphanumerics and whitespace
u.capitalize # Oops. Why?
u = u.gsub(/[^a-z0-9\s]/i, "").strip
# Let's save a sanitized version.
u.capitalize
u.titlecase
u.split # This produces an Array, which we discuss below.
u.split.count # Arrays are lists, and can be counted.
"lo".in?("hello")
"".present?
"".blank?
"hi".present?
"hi".blank?
We spend a lot of time composing strings of output for our users, so let's see a few more examples. Try this:
message = "Your lucky number for today is " + rand(100) + "."
You'll see that Ruby gets confused, because we are trying to add an integer to a string and it doesn't feel comfortable with that.
The solution is to tell the integer to convert itself to a string first:
message = "Your lucky number for today is " + rand(100).to_s + "."
The above technique for composing strings, adding them together with
+, is called string concatenation.There's another technique for composing strings that I personally find a bit easier; it's called string interpolation. It goes like this:
message = "Your lucky number for today is #{rand(100)}."
Basically, inside the string, you place
#{} where you eventually want your value to go. Inside the curly braces, you can write any Ruby expression without worrying about whether it is a string or not. The expression will be evaluated, converted to a string, and added to the string right in that spot. You can interpolate as many expressions as you want into a single string. Pretty neat!If you find interpolation confusing, feel free to just use concatenation.
Dates are very tricky to work with, especially when you take timezones into account, but Ruby makes it as easy as possible. Try the following:
t = Date.today
t.wday
t.friday?
Finally, we have a very important class:
Array. Most of what we do as web developers is manage lists of things. Lists of photos, likes, followers, reviews, listings, messages, whatever.The first structure we're going to learn to help us manage lists is
Array. Here's how they work:a = [8, 3, 1, 19, 23, 3]
- The way we create
Strings by wrapping the string of characters in double-quotes, we createArrays by wrapping the list of elements in square brackets. - Seperate elements in the list with commas.
Now that we've created our array, what can we do with it? Here are some handy methods to try:
a.count # Counts all elements in the list.
a.count(3) # Counts the occurrences of the argument.
a.reverse
a.sort
a.sort.reverse
a.shuffle
a.sample
a.min
a.max
a.sum
a.first
a.last
a.second
a.at(3) # Accesses the 4th element! Surprising.
a.at(0) # Arrays start their numbering at 0.
a.at(-1)
a[3] # This is a shorthand syntax for .at(3).
# I prefer a.at() but a[] is more common.
a.push(42)
a.count
a.last
That's a fun selection of some common methods, but obviously there are a lot more. To learn more, usually my MO is: start building something, run into a situation where I need a new tool, like: "How do I find what spot in an array a particular element is at?"
Then, you should, in order:
- Post a question on Piazza. You are brand new to programming and the answers that you will find on the internet will oftentimes be advanced or just flat out wrong, and you won't yet be able to tell the difference easily. So for now, lean on us and each other.
- Check the Ruby Docs for whichever class you are wondering about. In this case, the Array docs. Scan the method list on the left until you see something that looks kinda right, and then check out the examples. (In this case, #index sounds about right.)
- Google it and hope to find a helpful blog post or Stack Overflow answer.
- Trial and error! The life of a developer.
Alright! It's been fun playing around with Ruby in the
rails console, but how would we actually builds some real, permanent programs that we can share with our friends? That's what we'll see next.Last modified 4yr ago